T-bet (TBX21) is a T-box transcription factor that plays a central role in the differentiation and function of Th1 CD4⁺ T cells in both humans and mice. Its expression is induced by IFN-γ and it directly regulates the transcription of IFN-γ, IL-12 receptor β, and IL-2 through modulation of chromatin accessibility. Loss of T-bet impairs Th1 lineage commitment, while ectopic expression promotes Th1 polarization. Beyond T cells, T-bet also contributes to B cell class-switch recombination. Due to its conserved function across species, T-bet is a key regulator of cell-mediated immunity and inflammatory responses.
How do I determine the optimal antibody concentration/titer for my experiment?
We recommend titrating each new antibody lot on your own cell type and instrument, since optimal concentration depends on cell density, target expression level, and cytometer sensitivity. Suggested starting dilutions or test sizes (e.g., µg or µl per 10^6 cells) are provided on the product page as a starting reference point, not a fixed requirement.
Can these antibodies be used for intracellular or intranuclear staining, or only surface staining?
Intended use (surface, intracellular, or both) is specified per product, indicated under Application. The appropriate Related Protocol is linked for each product. If you need to detect both surface and intracellular markers in the same panel, confirm each antibody's compatibility with your fixation/permeabilization protocol before combining them.
What controls should I use alongside these antibodies?
Matched isotype controls (same host species, isotype, and conjugate) are available for most clones to help distinguish specific binding from background/non-specific staining and are linked on each product page. Unstained, single-color compensation, and fluorescence-minus-one (FMO) controls are also recommended, especially for multicolor panel design.
Can I combine InnoCyto Flow Cytometry antibodies into a multicolor panel?
Yes — antibodies across our catalog are designed to be panel-compatible, and conjugate options are offered specifically to support multiplexing. When building a panel, pair bright fluorophores with low-expression targets, avoid excessive spectral overlap, and confirm compensation is set up correctly for your specific fluorochrome combination. Use our Panel Builder to simplify the process.
Have a product or application question? Consult our FAQs or contact us.
