The antibody solution should be stored undiluted between 2°C and 8°C, and protected from prolonged exposure to light. Do not freeze.
Recommended Usage
For flow cytometric staining, it is recommended to use 5 uL of this reagent per 0.5-1.0 million cells in a 100 µL volume. Optimal reagent performance should be determined by titration for each specific application.
Excitation Laser
Red Laser (633 nm)
RRID
AB_3739111
Research Areas
T cells, Co-stimulation, T cell Activation, Immune Checkpoints, Autoimmunity
CD28 (Cluster of Differentiation 28) is one of the proteins expressed on T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals required for T cell activation and survival. T cell stimulation through CD28 in addition to the T-cell receptor (TCR) can provide a potent signal for the production of various interleukins (IL-6 in particular). CD28 is the only B7 receptor constitutively expressed on naive T cells. Association of the TCR of a naive T cell with MHC antigen complex without CD28:B7 interaction results in a T cell that is anergic.
How do I determine the optimal antibody concentration/titer for my experiment?
We recommend titrating each new antibody lot on your own cell type and instrument, since optimal concentration depends on cell density, target expression level, and cytometer sensitivity. Suggested starting dilutions or test sizes (e.g., µg or µl per 10^6 cells) are provided on the product page as a starting reference point, not a fixed requirement.
Can these antibodies be used for intracellular or intranuclear staining, or only surface staining?
Intended use (surface, intracellular, or both) is specified per product, indicated under Application. The appropriate Related Protocol is linked for each product. If you need to detect both surface and intracellular markers in the same panel, confirm each antibody's compatibility with your fixation/permeabilization protocol before combining them.
What controls should I use alongside these antibodies?
Matched isotype controls (same host species, isotype, and conjugate) are available for most clones to help distinguish specific binding from background/non-specific staining and are linked on each product page. Unstained, single-color compensation, and fluorescence-minus-one (FMO) controls are also recommended, especially for multicolor panel design.
Can I combine InnoCyto Flow Cytometry antibodies into a multicolor panel?
Yes — antibodies across our catalog are designed to be panel-compatible, and conjugate options are offered specifically to support multiplexing. When building a panel, pair bright fluorophores with low-expression targets, avoid excessive spectral overlap, and confirm compensation is set up correctly for your specific fluorochrome combination. Use our Panel Builder to simplify the process.
Have a product or application question? Consult our FAQs or contact us.
